University of Tehran Press Classical and Contemporary Islamic Studies 3060-7337 9 1 2027 10 02 Analyzing the Roots of Incompatibility Between Science and Religion and the Factors Contributing to its Continuation from the 16th to the 20th Century 171 183 107369 10.22059/jcis.2026.414526.1481 EN Hasan Reza’i Haftadoor Department of Qur’ān and Hadith Sciences faculty of theology College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran 0000-0001-5481-9327 Shadi Nafisi Associate professor, faculty of theology and Islamic sciences. University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0009-4339-8091 Hossein Pourfarrokh Department of Qur’ān and Hadith Sciences, faculty of theology, College of Farabi University of Tehran, Qom, Iran 0009-0008-8008-1686 Journal Article 2026 05 16 Incompatibility between science and religion is one of the most heated debates in the history of humanity. This study adopted a deeper-level analysis compared to previous related studies to inspect the reasons for the appearance and continuation of this issue. To this end, a descriptive-analytical method was adopted using the inductive approach. The factors found included church leaders’ opposition to science, their textualist view of the Bible, amalgamation of the Medieval theology with Aristotelian philosophy, consideration of scientific findings as definitive, lack of a true understanding about the real origin of religion, scientism, the appearance and expansion of anti-metaphysical schools, amalgamation of science and ideology, and incorrect generalization of scientific theories. Nonetheless, further induction and exploration of historical sources on science and religion may lead to the identification of more factors. The most important finding of this study is that the foregoing incompatibility will continue as long as reasons such as the “lack of a true understanding about the real origin of religion,” “scientism,” and “the appearance and expansion of anti-metaphysical schools” are not removed by the Western scientific community. Indeed, these are the main pillars for the continuation of the incompatibility between science and religion. Therefore, it would be apt for the contemporary Islamic studies of science and religion to focus and contemplate the reasons for the continuation of the incompatibility and to provide their solutions in order to reduce or settle the incompatibility between religion and science. https://jcis.ut.ac.ir/article_107369_4cb810e3b6a30553bd9b817b60770475.pdf