Determining the Date of the Narration as to the “‘Aqaba” Incident in the Interpretation Ascribed to Imām ‘Askarī (a) (Based on the Implementation of Adam Story)

Document Type : Scholary

Authors

Department of Qur’ān and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Theology, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran

Abstract

The plan of Hypocrites to murder the Revered Prophet, while returning from the war of Tabūk, is well known as the incident of “‘Aqaba” and various historical, narrative, and interpretive sources have attempted to reread it. In addition, in the interpretation ascribed to Imām ‘Askarī, there is a lengthy narration mixed with different occasions and themes –narrated from the Revered Prophet –which offers a unique reading of ‘Aqaba incident. In this narration, the story of angels’ prostration for Adam and his disobedience are pointed out. By implementing the method of determining the date based on an analysis of the text and source, the present article focuses on the micro-narrative of Adam story, examines the accuracy of its ascription to the Revered Prophet, and tries to figure out the approximate time of the issuance of this narration. Exploring the theories related to the Adam story shows their time to be after the Prophetic time. Moreover, analyzing the source of the narration indicates its layers wherein the first layer belongs to the second half of the third century as well as the fourth century, and the second layer to the sixth century. Indications suggesting the differentiation between the layers of the book as well as the text of the narration being mixed with Shī‘a distinctive themes (which are contemporary with the powerful era of Ṭabaristān Shī‘as) justify the probability that the narration of ‘Aqaba belongs to the sixth century and that its narrative milieu is Ṭabaristān.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

The noble Qur’ān
‘Alam al-Hudā, A. (1985), Rasā’il al-sharīf al-Murtaḍā. Compiled by M. Rajā’ī, Qom: Dār al-Qur’ān al-Karīm.
Id. (1998), Amālīal-Murtaḍā. Edited by Abulfaḍl Ibrāhīm, Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.  
Id. (2010), Tafsīr al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā al-musammī binafāis al-ta’wīl. Edited by M. Aḥmad Mūsawī, Beirut: Mu’asisa al- ‘Ālamī Lilmaṭbū‘āt.
‘Alawī Gurgānī, M. A. (2016), Al-Manāḍir al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-i‘trat al-ṭāhira. Qom: Faqih Ahlibayt.
Abū Ḥayyān, M. (2000), Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr. Edited by Ṣ. Muḥammad Jamīl, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Abū Ma‘āsh, S. (2008), Ḥubbu ‘Alī b. Abīṭālib wa āthāruhu al-dunyawīyya wa al-ukhrawīyya. Qom: Mu’asisa al-Sayyida al-Ma‘ṣūma.
Achtemeier, P. (1996), The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary. SanFrancisco: HarperCollins.
Al-Tafsīr al-Mansūb ilā al-Īmām al-Ḥasan al-’Askarī. (1989), edited by Madrasa Imām Mahdi, Qom: Madrasa al-Imām al-Mahdi (a).
Anṣārī, Ḥ. (2017), Justārhāyi tārīkhī darbāriyi tashayyu‘. Tehran: Ḥikmat. (In Persian).
Anṣārī, M. (2008), Ghadīr dar Qur’ān, Qur’ān dar ghadīr. Qom: Dalīli Mā. (In Persian).
Āqā Nūrī, A. (2008), Khāstgāhi tashayyu‘ wa paydāyishi firqahāyi shī‘ī da asri Imāmān. Qom: Pazhūhishgāhi ‘Ūlūm wa Farhangi Islāmī. (In Persian).
Baghdādī, A. (1988), Al-Farq bayn al-firaq wa bayānu al-firqati al-nājiyati minhum, Beirut: Dār al-Jayl. 
Baḥrānī, H. (1995), Al-Burhān fi tafsīr al-Qur’ān. Edited by Qismu al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīya Mu’asisa al-Bi‘tha, Qom: Mu’asisa al-Bi‘tha.   
Id. (2002), Ghāyat al-marām wa ḥujatu al-khiṣām fī ta‘yīni al-Imām min ṭarīq al-khāṣ wa al-‘ām. Edited by A. ‘Āshūrā, Beirut: Mu’asisa al-Tārīkh al-‘Arabī.
Balkhī, A. (2018), Kitābu al-maqālāti wa ma‘ ūyūnu al-masā’il wa al-jawābāt. Edited by Ḥ. Khānṣū et al. Jordan: Dār al-Fatḥ.  
Balkhī, M. (2003), Tafsīr Muqātil b. Sulayman. Edited by A. Maḥmūd Shaḥāta, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī.
Bar-Asher, M. (2013), “Tafsīri Qur’ān mansūb bi Imām ‘Askarī”. Translated by M. Ḥ Muḥammadī Muẓaffar, Haft Āsimān, 15 (58), 123-150.
Barqī, A. (1952), Al-Maḥāsīn. Edited by J. Muḥaddith, Qom: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya.
Bauckham, R., J.R. Davila & A. Panayotov (2013), “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures.” Religious Studies Review, xi-808.
Bayhaqqī, A. (1985), Dalā’ilu al-nubuwwa wa ma‘rifa aḥwāli ṣāḥib al-sharīa‘. Edited by A. Qala‘jī, Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-I‘lmīya.
Būrūjirdī, Ḥ. (1989), Jāmi‘ aḥādīth al-Shī‘a. Qom: Mihr.
Būrūjirdī, Ḥ. (1996), Tafsīr al-ṣirāṭi al-mustaqīm. Edited by Gh. R. Būrūjirdī, Qom: Mu’asisa Anṣārīyān.
Charles, R.H. (1964), “Life of Adam and Eve” In Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English. London: Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
Daylamī, Ḥ. (1992), Irshād al-qūlūb ila la-ṣawāb. Qom: Al-Sharīf al-Raḍī.
Id. (2007), Ghurar al-Akhbār wa dur al-āthār fī manāqib abī al-a’immat al-aṭhār. Edited by A. Ḍaygham, Qom: Dalīli Mā.
Estarabadi, Ali, (1988),Ta'wil al-Ayat al-Zahirah fi Fadha'il al-`Itrah al-Tahirah, Edited by Ostadvali, Hsuain, Qom: Islamic Publications Institute
Falsafī, Y. (2010), Qudwat al-tafāsīr fī al-ma’thūr ‘an khātam al-anbīyā’ wa al-mursalīn. Edited by S. Tamīmī & Ṣ. Rabī‘ī, Beirut: Mu’asisa al-Balāgh.
Freedman (1961), Midrash Rabba. London: Soncino.
Hādī Ila al-Ḥaq, Y. (2001), Majmū‘u rasā’il al-Imām al-Hādī Ila al-Ḥaq. Edited by A. Shādhilī, Ṣan‘ā’: Mu’asisa al-Imām Zayd b. ‘Alī.
Hamadānī, A. (1962), Al-Mughnī fī abwābi al-tawḥīd wa al-‘adl. Edited by J. Qanawātī, Cairo: Al-Dār al-Miṣrīyya.
Id. (2008), Baḥru al-ma‘ārif. Translated by Ḥ. Ustādwalī, Tehran: Ḥikmat.  
Id. (n. d.), Mutashābih al-Qur’ān. Cairo: Maktaba Dār al-Turāth.
Ḥurr ‘Amilī, M. (1989), Tafṣīl wasā’il al-Shī‘a ila taḥṣīl masā’il al-sharīa‘. Edited by Mu’asisa Āl al-Bayt (a), Qom: Mu’asisa Āl al-Bayt (a).
Id. (2001), Al-Jawāhir al-sunniya fī al-aḥādīth al-qudsīya. Translated by Kāẓimī Khakhālī & Zayn al-‘Abidīn, Tehran: Dihqān. 
Ḥusaynī Ishkiwarī, A. (2007), Durar al-tāj wa al-tāj. Tehran: Al-Majma‘u al-‘Alamī Liltaqrib bayn al-Madhāhib.
Ḥusaynī Tihrānī, M. Ḥ. (2007), Imāmshināsī. Mashhad: ‘Allama Ṭabāṭabā’ī. (In Persian).
Ibn ‘Asākir, A. (1995), Tārīkh madīna Damishq. Edited by A. Shīrī, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Ibn ‘Aṭiyya, A. (2002), Al-Muḥarrar al-wajīz fī tafsīr al-kitāb al-‘azīz. Edited by M. A. ‘Abd al-Shāfī, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyya.
Ibn Abī Ḥātam, A. (1999), Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘aẓīm. Edited by A. M. Ṭayyib, Riyadh: Maktaba Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz.
Ibn Bābiwayh, M. (1966), ‘IIal al-sharāyi’. Qom: Kitāb Fūrūshīyi Dāwarī.
Ibn Bābiwayh, M. (n.d), Fadha'il al-Shi`ah, Tehran: A`lami.
Id. (1999), ‘Ūyūn akhbār al-riḍā (a), Tehran: Nashri Jahān.
Id. (2006), Kamāl al-dīn wa tamāmu al-ni’ma. Edited by A. A. Ghaffārī, Tehran: Islāmīyya.
Ibn Hamām Iskāfī, M. (1984), Al-Tamḥīs. Edited by Madrisa Imām Mahdī, Qom: Madrisa Imām Mahdī.
Ibn Qutayba, A. (2003), Ta‘wīl mushkil al-Qur’ān. Edited by A. Shamsu al-Dīn, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyya.
Ibn Shahr Āshūb, M. (1960), Manāqib Āli Abī Ṭālib (a), Qom: ‘Allama.
Ibn Shu’ba Ḥarrānī, Ḥ. (1984), Tuḥuf al-‘ūqūl. Edited by A. A. Ghaffārī, Qom: Jāmi‘a Mudarrisīn.
Ismā‘īlī Yazdī, A. (2007), Yanābī‘ al-ḥikma. Qom: Masjid Jamkarān.
Ismā‘īlī, Y. (2008), Sayrī dar tashayyu‘ māzandarān az āghāz tā pāyāni sadiyi hashtūmi hijrī. Qom: Pazhūhishgāhi ‘Ūlūm wa Farhangi Islāmī. (In Persian).
Īzadī, M., M. Ḥ, Shīrzād, & M. Ḥ, Shīrzād (2016), “Tabārshināsīyi riwāyati sijdayi zan bar shūhar dar jawāmi‘ mutaqaddimi riwā’īyi Imāmīyyi.” Ḥadīth Pazhūhī, 8(16), 51-74. (In Persian).   
Id.  (2017), “Imkān sanjīyi ṣudūri ḥadīthi sijdayi zan bar shūhar: Naqdi matnīyi si saṭḥī (zabānī, adabī, wa farhangī).” ‘Ūlūmi Ḥadīth, 22(84), 79-101. (In Persian).
James, H. (1985), “Life of Adam and Eve.” In Old Testament pseudepigrapha, New York: Doubleday & Company.
Jaṣṣāṣ, A. (1985), Aḥkām al-Qur’ān. Edited by M. Ṣ Qamḥāwī, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī.
Id. (2002), Sharḥ bad’ al-Amālī. Edited by Ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥīm, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyya.
Jushamī, M. (2019), Al-Tahdhīb fī al-tafsīr. Edited by A. Sālimī, Cairo: Dār al-Kūtūb al-Miṣrī.  
Karbalā’ī, J. (2007), Al-Anwār al-sāṭi‘a fī sharḥ al-zīyārat al-jāmi‘a. Edited by M. Asadī, Beirut: Mu’asisa al-A‘lamī. 
Khaṭīb Baghdādī, A. (1997), Tārikhi Baghdād. Edited by ‘Abd al-Qādir ‘Aṭā, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyya.
Kūfī, F. (1990), Tafsīr Furāt Kūfī. Edited by M. Kāḍim, Tehran: Mu’asisa al-Ṭab‘ wa al-Nashr fī Wizārat al-Irshād al-Islāmī.
Kulaynī, M. (2008), Kāfī. Edited by Dār al-Ḥadīth, Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth.
Kūrānī, A. (2009), Al-Sīrat al-nabawīyya binaḍari ahlulbayt. Beirut: Dār al-Murtaḍā.
Ma‘ārif, M. & R. Nāẓimī (2019), “Tabārshināsīyi riwāyāti tafsīr al-‘Askarī wa tathīri ān bar i‘tibārsanjīyi tafsīr.” Pazhūhishnāmiyi Qur’ān wa Ḥadīth, 12(23), 39-73. (In Persian).
Madadī, A. (2014), Nigāhī bi daryā. Qom: Mu’asisa kitābshināsīyi Shī‘a. (In Persian).
Majlisī, M. B. (1983), Biḥār al-anwār. Edited by a group of researchers. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī.
Makārim Shīrāzī, N. (2005), Naḥafāt al-Qur’ān. Qom: Mu’asisa al-Imam ‘Alī b. Abī Ṭālib.
Malikī Mīyanjī, M. (1994), Manāhij al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qur’ān. Tehran: Wizārati Farhang wa Irshādi Islāmī.
Māmaqānī, A. (2010), Tanqīḥu al-maqāl fī ‘ilm al-rijāl. Edited by M. R. Māmaqānī, Qom: Mu’asisa Āl al-Bayt Li- ’Iḥyā’al-Turāth.
Mas‘ūdī, A. (1989), Muruwj al-dhahab wa ma‘ādin al-jawhar. Edited by A. Dāghir, Qom: Dār al-Hijra.
Minov, S. (2020), Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures. Leiden: Brill.
Muntaẓirī Muqaddam, Ḥ. (2014), “Bāzshināsīyi tārīkhīyi mafāhīmi Shī‘a.” Tārīkhi Islām dar Āyīniyi Pazhūhish,11(36), 95-115. (In Persian).  
Murtaḍā ‘Amilī, J. (2006), Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabī al-a‘ḍam. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth.           
Nabhā, Kh. M. (2009), Musū‘a tafāsīr al-Mu‘tazila. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyya.
Namāzī Shāhrūdī, A. (1994), Mustadrakāti ‘ilmi rijāli al-ḥadīth. Tehran: Author’s Inheritor.
Id. (1999), Mustadrak safīnat al-biḥār. Edited by Ḥ. Namāzī, Qom: Mu’asisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī.
Ostadi, K. (2021), “Sanad and Rijāl Study of the Sanads of the Commentary Attributed to Imam ʻAskarī (AS) up to Sheikh Ṣadūq.” Biannual Journal Qurān and Religious Enlightenment, 2(1), 141-164.
Qāḍī Nu’mān. (1966), Da‘āimu al-Islām. Edited by Ā. Fiyḍī, Qom: Mu’asisa Āl al-Bayt.
Qandihārī, M. & A. Rād (2020), “Aḥādīthi ṭiwāl dar mirāthi maktūbi sadiyi nukhusti hijrī.” Muṭāli‘āti Tārīkhīyi Qur’ān wa ḥadīth, 26(67), 67-98. (In Persian).
Qubādī, M. (2010), Tafsīr Furāt Kūfī: Bāzshināsī mirāthi kuhani Shī‘a. Tehran: Pazhūhishgahi ‘Ūlūmi insānī wa muṭāli‘āti farhangī. (In Persian).
Qumī, A. (1984), Tafsīr al-Qumī. Edited by Ṭ. Mūsawī Jazāi’rī, Qom: Dār al-Kitāb.
Qurṭabī, M. (1985), Al-Jāmi‘ li-aḥkām al-Qur’ān. Tehran: Nāṣir Khusru.
Quṭb al-Dīn Rāwandī, S. (1989), Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā’. Edited by Gh. R. ‘Irfānīyān Yazdī, Mashhad: Markizi Pazhūhishhāyi Islāmī.   
Rād. A. (2016), “Barrisīyi ma‘anā shinākhtīyi tanẓīri ma‘anā’ī dar tafsīri Qur’ān: muṭāli‘iyi muridī āyāti sajda bar Ādam.” Dhihn,17(68), 121-145. (In Persian).
Ṣādiqī Tehrānī, M. (2014), al-Tafsīr al-mawḍū‘ī. Qom: Shukrāna.
Ṣāḥib Jawāhir, M. Ḥ. (2001), Jawāhir al-kalām fī thawbih al-jadīd. Qom: Mu’asisa Dāyirat al-Ma‘ārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.
Salmān, A. (2018), Tafsīr al-Qumī: Baḥth ḥawl al-nuskhat al-mutadāwila. Beirut: Dār al-Walā’.
Sanad, M. (2014), Al-Sha‘ā’iru al-Ḥusaynīyya. Edited by R. Musawī, n.p., n.p.
Shafī‘ī, S. (2019), “Āghāzi afarīnish dar Nahj al-Balāgha: Khāstgāhhā; tārīkhguzārī.” Pazhūhishhāyi Nahj al-Balāgha, 18(62), 11-55. (In Persian).
Shahristānī, M. (2008), Tafsīr al-Shahristānī al-musammī mafātīḥu al-asrār wa maṣābiḥu al-abrār. Tehran: Markiz al-Buḥūth wa al-Dirāsāt Lilturāth al-Makhṭūt.
Shīrāzī, Ḥ. (2007), Musūa‘tu al-kalima. Kuwait: Hīa’tu Muḥammad al-Amīn.
Shushtarī, M. T. (1981), Al-Akhbāru al-dakhīla. Edited by A. A. Ghafāri, Tehran: Maktaba al-Ṣadūq.
Sibṭ Ibn Jawzī, Y. (2006), Tadhkira al-khawās. Edited by Ḥ. Taqīzada, Qom: Al-Majma‘ al-‘Ālamī li-Ahl al-Bayt.
Subḥānī, J. (2001), Mafāhim al-Qur’ān, Qom: Mu’asisa al-Imām al-Ṣādiq.
Sullamī, M. (2004), Ṭabaqātu al-ṣūfiyya. Edited by ‘Abd al-Qādir ‘Aṭā, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyya.
Ṭabarānī, S. (2008), Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-A‘ḍīm. Jordan: Dār al-Kitāb al-Thaqāfī.
Ṭabarī, M. (1992), Jāmi‘ al-bayān a‘n ta’wīl āy al-Qur’ān. Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifa.        
Ṭabrisī, A. (1983), Al-Iḥtijāj ‘alā ahl al-lijāj. Edited by M. B. Mūsawī Khursān, Mashhad: Nashri Murtaḍā.
Ṭabrisī, F. (1993), Majma‘u al-bayān li-‘Ūlūm al-Qur’ān. Edited by F. Yazdī Ṭabāṭabā’ī & H. Rasūlī, Tehran: Nāṣir Khusru.
Tajlīl Tabrīzī, A. (2011), Mu‘jam al-Maḥāsin wa al-Musāwī. Qom: Mu’asisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī.
Ṭāwūsī Masrūr, S. & A. R. Dihqānī (2017), “Madhhab wa withāqati Abāṣalt Hirawī.” Pazhūhisnāmiyi Tārīkhi Tashayyu‘,1(1), 35-65. (In Persian).
Tha‘labī, A. (2002), Al-Kashf wa al-bayān. Edited by Abī Muḥammad b. ‘Ashūr & N. Sā‘idī, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī.
The Book of the Cave of Treasures, Translated by Budge, E. A. Wallis, (1927), London: The Religious Tract Society
Ṭūsī, M. (n. d.), Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qur’ān. Edited by A. Ḥ. ‘Amilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī.
Wāqidī, M. (1989), Al-Maghāzī. Edited by M. Junis, Beirut: Mu’asisa al-A‘lamī.
Yūsufī Gharawī, M. H. (2003), Musū‘a al-tārīkh al-Islāmī. Qom: Majma‘u al-Fikr al-Islāmī.
Zabīdī, M.N. (2007), Al-Taysīr fī al-tafsīr lil-Qur’ān biriwāya ahlulbayt. Lebanon: Dār al-Muḥjat al-Bayḍā’.
Classical and Contemporary Islamic Studies (formerly known as Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies)
Volume 5, Issue 2
Summer & Autumn
July 2023
Pages 145-158

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics