The Islamophobic Approaches of Orientalists (The Case Study of EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam Entries, Leiden Edition)

Document Type : Scholary

Author

Department of History, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/jcis.2024.369329.1357

Abstract

The published Leiden encyclopedia is one source of information about Islam in Western and sometimes even Islamic societies. The Islam encyclopedia established itself as a standard reference in open science very quickly because it incorporated the goals of disseminating knowledge of all aspects of Islam, including the founder of Islam, the content and related historical developments, the developers of Islamic teachings, and all aspects of Muslim culture. Given that "Islamophobia" is a part of the epistemic life of Western intellectual systems, it has been reflected in the compilation of the Islamic Encyclopaedia, as stated explicitly in the first edition of the Islamic Encyclopaedia. Based on this assumption and far from portraying Islamophobia, the current descriptive-analytical study is based on historical articles related to the beginning of Islam (EI2). It attempts to trace, analyze, and explain biased approaches to depicting Islam through the Islamic encyclopedia. The authors of the entries used the othering approach, the economy-oriented approach, the skeptical approach, the adaptation-oriented approach, and the secular approach to create an image of Islamophobia.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

The holy Qur’ān.
Alkatani, ʻA. (2015), al-Tartib al'Iidarat. Beirut, Dar al-Arqam.
 Arendonk, C. [D. Gimaret] (1995), «Salam». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 8, Leiden, Brill.
Davenport, J. (2009), An Apology for Mohammed and the Koran. Translated by S.Gh. Saeedi, Tehran, Ettelaat Publishing.
Della Vida, G. (2000), «Uthman B. Affan». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 10, Leiden, Brill.
Donner, F.M. (1998), Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Princeton, Darwin Press.
Ehlert, T. (1993), «Muhammad». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 7, Leiden, Brill.
Fahd, T. (2000), «Kahin». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 10, Leiden, Brill.
Grunebaum, Von, G.E., (1955), Islam, Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition. Chicago. n.p.
Ibn al-Athīr, 'I. (2007), al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh. Báyrūt, Dar Ṣādir.
Ibn Hibban, M.M. (1993), Sahih Ibn Hibban. Beirut, Al-Rasalah Institute, second edition.
Ibn Hisham, ʻA. (1991), Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah. ed. S. Zakkār, Beirut, daralfiker.
IbnWarraq, (1995), Why I am not a Muslim. New York, Prometheus Books.
John Ahmadi, F. (2009), Depiction of Prophet Muhammad and Prophet Zahra in the Encyclopedia of Islam (Translation and Criticism). Qom. Shia Publications (affiliated with the Shiite Cultural Institute).
Kemper, M. (2009), The Soviet discourse on the origin and class character of Islam. 1923–1933 Die Welt des Islams, No. 49(1).
Klimovich, L., (1927), «Religioznoe dvizhenie v Tatarskoi respublike». in: Antireligioznik 4.
Koren, J. and Y.D. Nevo (1991), Methodological approaches to Islamic studies. Der Islam, No. 68(1).
Lammens, H. (2013), Islam: beliefs and institutions. n.p., Routledge.
Navshirvanovy, Z. (1923), «Kommunisticheskie techeniia v istorii musul’manskoi kul’tury». In Novyi Vostok, No. 4.
Neimeijer, A.C. (1986), «Khalifa». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 5, Leiden, Brill.
Raven, W. (1997). «Sira». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 9, Leiden, Brill.
Rippin, A. (1985). «Literary analysis of Qurʾān, tafsīr, and Sīra: the methodologies of John Wansbrough». Approaches to Islam in religious studies, ed. R. C. Martin, Tucson: UAP, 151-163
Robinson, C.F. (2002), «Waraka b. Nawfal». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 11, Leiden, Brill.
Said, E. (1995), Orientalism, India, Penguin Books.
Steno, K. (2004), Another image: the difference between myth and prejudice. ed. G. Dihim, Tehran, Office of Cultural Research and International Center for the Dialogue of Civilizations.
Tabari, M. (1987), Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk. Beirut, dar al turath.
Tomara, M. (1930), «Proiskhozhdenie islama i ego klassovoe osnovanie». in Ateist, No. 58.
Torrey, C.C. (1933), The Jewish Foundation of Islam. New York, n.p.
Turner, B.S. (2001), «Cosmopolitan virtue: on religion in a global age». European Journal of Social Theory, 4(2), 131-152, ed. H. Lajevardi, Argonon Quarterly No. 24, Tehran, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
Tyan, E. (1991), «Djihad». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 2, Leiden, Brill.
Vaglieri, L. (1986), «‘Ali B. ‘Abd Allah». The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, vol. 1, Leiden, Brill.
Versteegh, V.H.M. (1993), Arabic Grammar and Qurʾān Exegesis in Early Islam. Leiden, Brill.
Waqidi, M. (1988), Al-Maghazi, 'abhath marsin junz. Beirut, Muʾassisat al- Aʿlami. Third ed.
Watt,  M. (1960), Muhammad at Mecca.  London, Oxford.
Ya'qubi, A. (2010), Tarikh al-Yaqubi. Beirut, Dar Sader.
Zwemer, S. (1908), Islam: A Challenge to Faith. New York, n.p.
Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies
Volume 6, Issue 2
Summer & Autumn 2024
July 2024
Pages 213-222

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics